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CRANE

harsh cries in the air, and occasionally alighting to seek food in fields or marshes. The crane, when standing, is about four feet in height; the prevailing colour is ash-gray; the head bears bristly feathers, and has a naked crown, reddish in the male; the bill, which is longer than the head, is reddish at the root, dark green at the apex; the feet are blackish; the tail is short and straight. They are very stately birds, though their habit of bowing and dancing is often grotesque. The covering feathers of the wings are elongated, reaching beyond the ends of the primaries, and their webs are unconnected; they are varied and tipped with bluish-black, and are the well-known plumes once much used in ornamental head-dresses. The visits of the crane to Britain are now very rare, although in former times they were comparatively frequent. It feeds on roots, seeds, &c., as well as on worms, insects, reptiles, and even some of the smallest

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Cranberry (Oxycoccus palustris): a, flower; b, fruit.

other places, and are used in the same way.-The Tasmanian Cranberry is the fruit of Astroloma humifusum, a pretty little trailing Epacridaceous shrub; while in Australia the same name is given to other plants of the same order, notably Styphelia ascendens and Lissanthe sapida.

Cranborne, VISCOUNT, the courtesy title of the eldest son of the Marquis of Salisbury.

Cranbrook, a pleasant little market-town in the Weald of Kent, 46 miles SE. of London. It has a fine Perpendicular church, and a large trade in hops. From the 14th to the 17th century it was the centre of the broadcloth manufacture introduced by the Flemings. Pop. of parish about 5000. See Tarbutt's Annals of Cranbrook (1875).

Cranbrook, GATHORNE GATHORNE-HARDY, EARL (1892), was born 1st October 1814, at Bradford, the son of John Hardy, Esq., of Dunstall Hall, Staf fordshire. Educated at Shrewsbury and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he took his B. A. in 1837, he was called to the bar in 1840, and in 1856, after unsuccessfully contesting Bradford nine years earlier, was returned as a Conservative by Leominster. In 1865 he defeated Mr Gladstone in the celebrated Oxford University election; in 1878 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Cranbrook. He was Undersecretary of State for the Home Department (185859), President of the Poor-law Board (1866-67), Home Secretary (1867-68), War Secretary (187478), Secretary of State for India (1878-80), and Lord President of the Council (1885-92).

Crane (Grus), a genus of birds in the order Grallatores, the type of the family Gruidæ. This family differs from herons, storks, &c., in having the hind-toe placed higher on the leg than the front ones, and in certain characters of bill and skull. The members are also less addicted to marshy places, and feed not only on animal, but, to a considerable extent, on vegetable food. The cranes are all large birds, long legged, long necked, long billed, and of powerful wing. Some of them perform great migrations, and fly at a great height in the air. Some twelve species are known, mostly in the palearctic region, but also in Asia, Australia, and America. Unlike other Grallatores, the young cranes are helpless and require to be fed. Only two eggs are laid.-The Common Crane (G. cinerea) breeds in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, retiring in winter to tropical or subtropical regions. Flocks of cranes periodically pass over the southern and central countries of Europe, uttering their loud

Crane (Grus cinerea).

quadrupeds. The flesh is much esteemed. Cranes use their bill as a dagger, and when wounded are dangerous to the eyes of a rash assailant. They may be readily tamed in captivity and exhibit great sagacity.-The Whooping Crane (G. americana) is considerably larger than the common crane, which it otherwise much resembles except in colour; its plumage, in its adult state, is pure white, the tips of the wings black. It spends the winter in the southern parts of North America. In summer it migrates far northwards, but rather in the interior than the eastern parts of the continent. To the crane family belong also the Demoiselles-e.g. Anthropoides virgo, from southern Europe to central Asia, and the Ethiopian Balearic Cranes-e.g. Balearica pavonina. See Blyth, Natural History of the Cranes (1881).

Crane, a machine for lifting weights, worked either by hand, or by steam, or by hydraulic power. The most common hand form consists of an upright revolving post and a projecting arm (usually at an angle of about 45°), the jib with a fixed pulley at its extremity. The lifting chain or rope is secured to the weight, passes over the fixed pulley, and then round a drum or cylinder; suitable toothed-wheel gearing worked by a handle revolves this drum, and thus winds up or unwinds the rope or chain, and so raises or lowers the weight, while at the same time the effort applied by the men at the handles is greatly magnified-namely, disregarding frictional losses, in the same proportion that the peripheral speed of the handles is reduced by the gearing interposed between handle axis and drum axis. The revolving motion of the upright post enables the load to be deposited at any point within the sweep of the jib. It is often arranged that the jib shall be hollow; the chain then passes down it, and there

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Vol. III., page 544.

HOISTING AND CONVEYING CRANE, NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA.

CRANE

is no fear of fouling; if also the jib is of a curved form, we obtain the full benefit of the lift, while in

the ordinary crane the form of the jib or the tie interferes with the usual height of lift.

Whenever much hoisting or heavy work has to be done, steam or hydraulic power is always used; the cranes are then either stationary or portable, the latter type being used whenever it is more convenient to move the crane to its work than the converse. The stationary power cranes differ from the hand ones mainly in their vastly greater power, and consequently greater size and complexity of gearing; where steam is used there are generally two direct-acting steam-cylinders, which replace the two handles worked by hand. The very powerful stationary cranes used in docks capable of lifting 50 to 75 tons are examples of this kind; they are always mounted on massive foundations, and so arranged as to sweep a whole circle. Hydraulic power is very largely used in cranes for these places and in great steel-works; they are simpler in construction, a good deal of gearing being done away with; the water in the operating cylinder is always under great pressure, usually 700 lb. on the square inch. In the hydraulic cranes originally introduced by Sir William Armstrong & Co., the power given out by the hydraulic cylinder is reduced by using systems of pulleys in the inverse order, the lifting chain being attached to the cylinder, then passing over a pulley fixed to the head of the ram, then round other fixed pulleys, and so up to the fixed pulley at jib end, the effect being to increase the motion of the ram, and so secure very rapid lifts at the expense of using more power. In one very ingenious steam-crane (Morrison's) the post of the crane is hollow, and forms the steam-cylinder, in which works a piston with flexible piston-rod-namely, the lifting chain; this form is very steady and very readily slewed. Portable cranes are mounted on plain railway trucks, either of wood or iron. This truck carries firmly attached to it a central post, the whole of the rest of the crane being carried on a strong baseplate capable of revolving round this post as a pivot, the boiler being so placed (often standing on its own feed-water tank) on this base-plate that it forms a counterbalance to the weight to be lifted. The boiler is always of the vertical type, and very simple in its internal arrangements of tubes (see fig.), because it often has to work with very dirty feed-water. The gearing is usually carried by A frames bolted to the base-plate; the engine, having generally two small direct-acting steam

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cylinders, is easily reversed; by means of gearing and clutches, which are operated by the man in charge of the crane by hand or foot levers, the engine can perform the following operations : (1) Lower or raise the outer end of the jib; (2) slew the crane-i.e. the base-plate and all it carries; (3) propel the truck along the rails; (4) hoist the loads. For the last three operations the gearing is generally so arranged that there are two speeds, a quick; and a slow, either of which can be used, depending on the work to be done. The figure shows a very common type of this kind, which will lift from 5 to 7 tons, according to the position of the jib. For the maximum load the chain end is often attached to end of jib, and then round a hanging-block, and so up to fixed pulley at jib end, thus doub ling pull on chain. For the same purpose as the ordinary crane are used contrivances known as derricks, which consist essentially of a mast or tripod with a long cross-boom at the top, tied to the mast by guys; pulley-blocks attached to one arm of the boom form the means of lifting. They are a good deal used in America for very heavy work, such as raising wrecks, bridgebuilding, &c. They readily lend themselves for use as floating-cranes, since by making the vessel carrying them in watertight compartments which can be filled, it is easy to counterbalance the load. Electric cranes are also now in use.

lorist, was born in New York city, July 12, 1844. Crane, THOMAS FREDERICK, a learned folkHe was educated at the public school and academy of Ithaca, New York; and graduated at the college of New Jersey (Princeton) in 1864; A.M. in 1867; and Ph.D., causa honoris, in 1874. He was appointed assistant-professor of Modern Languages in Cornell University in 1868, professor of Spanish and Italian there in 1872, and professor of contributed a large number of articles to the North Romance Languages in 1881. Professor Crane has American Review, International Review, Harper's Magazine, Lippincott's Magazine, and The Nation on folklore and the literary history and philology of the Romance languages, especially during the period of the middle ages. Since his article on for July 1876, he has devoted much attention to the subject of the origin and diffusion of popular Folklore Society (1888). tales, and was one of the founders of the American Among his books are

Italian folk-tales in the North American Review

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Italian Popular Tales (Boston, 1885); Le Romantisme Français (New York, 1887); and an edition (1890), for the English Folklore Society, of the Exempla or illustrative stories contained in the sermones vulgares of Jacques de Vitré, Bishop of Acre (died 1240), containing the Latin text, transand diffusion of the individual stories, and an inlation into English, elaborate notes on the origin troduction on the life of the author, and the use of illustrative stories in medieval sermons, &c. Professor Crane's Italian Popular Tales forms, from its extent, its scientific accuracy, and the wide learning of its notes, one of the most im portant of recent contributions to storiology.

Crane, WALTER, painter and socialist, was born at Liverpool, 15th August 1845, the son of an artist, Thomas Crane (1808-59). He himself was trained as an artist, and his earlier as well as much of his later work consists of book-illustrations. Among these may be named his series of Toybooks' (1869-75), The Baby's Opera' (1877), and

The Sirens Three,' in which last the poem as well as the designs was his work. In 1862 he began to exhibit paintings at the Royal Academy, showing in that year The Lady of Shalott;' and he was a constant contributor to the Grosvenor Gallery from

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its foundation in 1877 till 1888. His pictures nearly always deal, in a somewhat decorative and archaic fashion, with subjects of an imaginative nature, such as The Riddle of the Sphinx' (1887). He has also produced many very delicate landscape subjects in water-colours; has designed wall-papers; and has published poems, illustrated by himself, Queen's Summer (1891), and The Claims of Decorative Art (1892). Since 1888 a member of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-colours, he was in 1893 appointed art director to the city of Manchester.

Crane-fly. See DADDY-LONG-LEGS.
Crane's-bill. See GERANIUM.

Cranganore (properly Kodungalúr), a town in Cochin state, on one of the openings of the great Cochin backwater, 18 miles N. of Cochin town; pop. about 10,000. It is the traditional scene of St Thomas's labours. The Syrian Christians were established here before the 9th century, and the Jews' settlement was probably still earlier. It was taken from the Portuguese by the Dutch in 1661; was seized by Tippoo in 1776, retaken, sold, and destroyed and abandoned by Tippoo in 1789.

Craniology. See SKULL, ETHNOLOGY.

Crank, in Machinery, is a lever or arm on a shaft, driven by hand (e.g. a winch-handle), or by a connecting-rod, its object being to convert recip rocating motion into rotary motion. Engine-cranks which convert the to and fro motion of the piston into continuous rotation of crank-shaft are connected to the piston-rod end by the connecting-rod. They are, when single, of steel, wrought-iron, or cast-iron, the crank in this case being either a simple arm, enlarged at one end to fit over the shaft, and with a pin at the other end embraced by the rod end (fig. 1); or else a disc centred on the shaft, with crank-pin as before (fig. 2). This last form is well balanced. When double, as is usual in large engines (fig. 3), they are now often built up

3

A

of steel, the two arms being shrunk on to the shaft, and pin on to them. In two positions during each turn, a connecting rod exerts no power of rotation. These are when rod A and crank-arms B are parallel (as in fig. 3 and opposite position), and are the dead centres; all the push or pull of the rod only causes pressure on shaft-bearings. To carry the crank over these points either a heavy wheel (flywheel) is attached to the shaft, which stores up energy during other parts of the revolution, and gives it out at these points, or else two or more cranks are so placed on the shaft that when one is on its dead centre, the others are exerting nearly their maximum effort, which is when rod and crank are at right angles.

Cranmer, THOMAS, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born of a good old family at Aslacton, Nottinghamshire, 2d July 1489. He learned his grammar of a rude parish clerk,' a 'marvellous severe and cruel schoolmaster,' who seems to have permanently cowed his spirit; still, his father trained him in all manly exercises, so that even

CRANMER

as primate he feared not to ride the roughest horse, and was ever a keen hunter. By his widowed mother he was sent in 1503 to Jesus College, Cambridge, where in 1510 he obtained a fellowship. He forfeited it by his marriage with black Joan' of the Dolphin tavern, but regained it on her death in childbed before the year's grace was up; and taking orders in 1523, proceeded D.D., and became a divinity tutor. During the quarter of a century that he resided at Cambridge he did not greatly distinguish himself; Erasmus never so much as mentions him; he was just a clever, hard-reading college don.

But in the summer of 1529 the plague was raging in Cambridge, and Cranmer removed with two pupils to Waltham. Here he met Fox and Gardiner, the king's almoner and secretary; and their talk turning on the divorce, Cranmer suggested that Henry might satisfy his conscience of the nullity of his first marriage by an appeal to the universities of Christendom. The suggestion pleased Henry; he exclaimed, Who is this Dr Cranmer? I will speak to him. Marry! I trow he has got the right sow by the ear.' So Cranmer became a counsel in the suit. He was appointed a royal chaplain and archdeacon of Taunton; was attached to the household of Anne Boleyn's father (Anne at the time being Henry's paramour); penned a treatise to promulgate his view; and was sent on two embassies, to Italy in 1530, and to Germany in the middle of 1532. At Rome the pope made him grand penitentiary of England; at Nuremberg he had married a niece of the Reformer Osiander-a marriage uncanonical but not then illegal--when a royal summons reached him Canterbury. He sent his wife secretly over, and himself following slowly, was consecrated on 30th March 1533, four days after the arrival of the eleven customary bulls from Rome. He took the oath of allegiance to the pope, with a protest that he took it for form sake, and with, as was usual, a contradictory oath of allegiance to the king.

to return as Warham's successor in the see of

That Henry looked for a pliable judge in Cranmer no man could doubt, least of all Cranmer himself, who in May pronounced Catharine's marriage null and void ab initio, and Anne's, four months earlier, valid; and who in September stood godfather to Anne's daughter Elizabeth. It was the same throughout the entire reign. Cranmer annulled Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn (1536), divorced him from Anne of Cleves (1540), informed him of Catharine Howard's prenuptial frailty, and strove to coax her into confessing it (1541). Sometimes he raised a voice of timid entreaty, on Anne Boleyn's behalf, on Cromwell's; still, if Henry said they were guilty, guilty they needs must be. He did what he dared to oppose the Six Articles (1539), naturally, since by one of them the marriage of priests was rendered felony, punishable with death; but his own wife to Germany, whence he did not recall he failed to stick to his opposition, and sent away her till 1548.

A kindly, humane soul, yet he was not ahead of his compeers-More, for instance, or Calvin-in the matter of religious toleration. We cannot acquit Lambert for denying the doctrine of Transubstanhim of complicity in the burning of Frith and tiation (1533-38), of Friar Forest for upholding the papal supremacy (1538), of two Anabaptists, a man and a woman (1538), of Joan Bocher for denying Christ's humanity (1550), and of a Dutch Arian (1551). In the death, however, of Anne Askew (q.v.) he seems to have borne no part; nor is there one word of truth in Foxe's legend that he coerced Edward VI. into signing the warrant for Joan Bocher's execution. With the dissolution of the monasteries he had little to do; but he

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