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Je cesse de travailler.

Je crains de vous offenser.

I cease working.

I fear to offend you.

REM. In English, prepositions, except to, are followed by the pres ent participle; in French, prepositions govern the verb in the infini. tive mode, except the preposition en, in.

3.

THE INFINITIVE AFTER NOUNS.

A verb limiting the sense of a noun, is put in the infinitive, and is preceded by the preposition de.

Je n'ai pas le temps de sortir. I have no time to go out.

4.

POUR BEFORE THE INFINITIVE.

The preposition pour, to, in order to, is used hefore the infinitive to express a purpose.

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+ These verbs require the preposition de before the dependent infinitive.

Le temps, the time; the weather. À midi, at noon.

L'intention, the intention.

Demain, to morrow.

Exercise 20.

1. Je veux couper l'arbre. 2. Je vais le couper. 3. Je vais finir mon ouvrage. 4. Je peux le finir ce matin. 5. Je ne peux pas recevoir ce monsieur. 6. Je n'ai pas le temps de le voir. 7. Avez-vous beaucoup à faire? 8. J'ai deux lettres à écrire, et trois à copier. 9. J'aime à lire, mais je n'aime pas à étudier. 10. Je cesse de travailler à midi. 11. Je vous prie de venir chez moi. 12. Je n'ai pas le temps d'aller chez vous. 13. Mon frère m'a écrit de lui envoyer. les journaux. 14. J'ai l'intention de partir demain. 15. Il n'a pas la patience de nous attendre. 16. Vous n'avez pas le courage de lui dire cela. Il est ici pour vendre son d'argent pour l'acheter. professeur est malade.

17. Je crains de l'offenser. 18. cheval. 19. Je n'ai pas assez 20. Je viens pour vous dire que le 21. Il est trop malade pour sortir.

Theme 20.

1. He will cut the tree. 2. He is going to cut it this morning. 3. I wish to finish my work. 4. I can finish it at noon. 5. He will not receive us. 6. He says that he cannot see us. 7. He has too much to do. 8. I have several letters to copy. 9. I like to study, but I do not like to work. 10. I cease reading now. 11. I have no time to write this exercise. 12. He intends (He has the intention) to come here to-night. 13. I have no time to go tc the post-office. 14. I am going to leave to-morrow. 15. 1 intend to send this letter to my uncle. 16. I beg you to do so. 17. Tell him (Dites-lui) to sell his boat. 18. I am

afraid to offend him. 19. Will you buy it? 20. I have not money enough to buy it. 21. I am too sick to go out to-day.

TWENTY-FIRST LESSON.

THE PARTICIPLE.*

1. A verb has two participles, the present and the past. The present participle, which ends in English in ing, ends in French in ant.

The past participle of regular verbs ends, in the first conjugation in é, in the second in i, in the third and fourth,

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2. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE.

The present participle is not so much used in French as in English. It is principally used with the preposition en, in, which is the only preposition that may be followed by the present participle: en allant, in going; en venant, in coming; en passant, in passing.

J'ai vu votre frère en allant à la I saw your brother when I was poste.

J'y ai pensé en venant.

Il m'a dit le bonjour en passant.

going to the post-office.

I thought of it while I was coming. He said good day when he was passing.

* Introduction, p. 17.

The present participle, qualifying a noun, is called a participial, or verbal, adjective.

Un enfant charmant.

Une histoire intéressante.

A charming child.

An interesting story.

REM. The verbal adjective is generally placed after the noun.

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The past participle is used in connection with an auxiliary verb, to form compound tenses (p. 92-2.).

J'ai cassé le plat.

I have broken the dish.

The past participle of active verbs is an adjective when it is joined in construction with the verb être, and also when it is used without a verb. In the latter case, it is placed after the noun.

Le plat est cassé.

Un plat cassé.

4.

The dish is broken.

A broken dish.

AGREEMENT OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE.

The past participle agrees with the noun to which it refers, in gender and number, the same as an adjective, in accordance with the following three rules:

(1.) The past participle, joined in construction to the tenses of the verb être, to be, agrees with the subject of the verb. Le plat est cassé.

Les plats sont cassés.

The dish is broken.

The dishes are broken.

(2.) The past participle used without an auxiliary verb, agrees with the noun to which it refers.

Un plat cassé.

Une assiette cassée.

Des assiettes cassées.

A broken dish.

A broken plate.
Broken plates.

(3.) The past participle of a transitive verb agrees with the direct object of the verb, when the direct object precedes the participle.

J'ai reçu la lettre.

Je l'ai reçue ce matin.

Voici la lettre que j'ai reçue.

I have received the letter.

I received it this morning.

Here is the letter which I received.

The direct object, in the above sentences, is in italic.

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*Rire, riant, ri, to laugh, laughing, Intéressant, interesting.

laughed.

Un horlǝger, a watchmaker.

Charmant, charming.

Déjà, already.

Pas encore, not yet.

Exercise 21.

1. J'ai rencontré votre frère en allant à la poste. 2. J'ai laissé votre croix chez le bijoutier en venant. 3. J'ai dit à Charles, en passant, de venir ici ce matin. 4. Le professeur nous a dit d'étudier la leçon en l'attendant. 5. Marie m'a salué en riant. 6. Je lui ai dit le bonjour en passant. 7. Nous avons lu une histoire intéressante. 8. C'est un livre amusant. 9. Votre petite nièce est charmante. 10. Elle a déchiré sa robe. 11. Elle va ôter sa robe déchirée. 12. J'ai ôté mon habit mouillé. 13. Mes gravures sont abîmées. 14. Jules les a mouillées. 15. Ce sont des enfants gâtés.

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